Jurnal Kartika Kimia

Heavy Metals Content Analysis of Fe, Ni, Pb, and Cr in Estuary, Mangrove, and Green Canyon Zone of Cijulang River in Pangandaran

Rizkya Dwiananda Putri — 2024-06-01

One of the main natural resources of living things is water. Water quality is a parameter that determines the function of water. This gives urgency in conducting research related to water quality analysis. Water with good qualities has many essential functions for life. However, water contamination due to anthropogenic activities and natural phenomena is unavoidable. The most common contaminants are heavy metals. Analysis of the content of heavy metals such as Fe, Ni, Cr, and Pb was carried out in samples of Cijulang River water in three zones, namely estuaries, mangroves, and green canyons using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. Data acquisition was further analyzed with statistical visualization tests in the form of boxplots and bar charts, as well as non-parameter tests in the form of the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Friedman test. Analysis with boxplots shows that the results of the data have a high distribution. Analysis using bar charts shows that most of the data exceeds the Class I quality standard. Analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Friedman test obtains a p-value of 0.3916 for the Kruskal-Wallis test and 0.7788 for the Friedman test. This value indicates that the median of the three data is assumed to be the same. Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health Number: 416 / MENKES / PER / IX / 1990 concerning Requirements and Quality Control, the quality standard for Cijulang River water samples is classified as Class II.

Phthalate Derivative from the Non-Polar Fraction of Andaliman (Zathoxylum acanthopodium DC.) Stem Wood from North Sumatra

Vidia Afina Nuraini — 2024-06-01

Andaliman (Z. acanthopodium DC.), a plant belonging to the Zanthoxylum genus, is widely found in North Sumatra. Z. acanthopodium DC. has been traditionally used by local people to treat various diseases. Several secondary metabolites have been reported from the Zanthoxylum genus, including coumarins, flavonoids, lignans, terpenoids, steroids, amides, alkaloids, and phthalate derivatives. In this study, a phthalate derivative compound has been successfully isolated from the non-polar fraction of the stem wood of Z. acanthopodium DC., which was identified as di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate according to IR and NMR spectroscopic analyses.

Secondary Metabolite Content and Antioxidant Activity of Basil Stems (Ocimum basilicum Linn.)

Erni Paulina — 2024-06-01

Basil (Ocimum basilicum Linn.) is one of the endemic plants in West Kalimantan known for its antioxidant activity. While some studies have focused on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of basil plants, particularly the leaves, scientific information on the stems of this plant remains underexplored. This study aimed to identify secondary metabolites through phytochemical assays and determine antioxidant activity using the DPPH method on crude methanol extract and fractions of basil stems. The results showed that the crude methanol extract and all fractions contained alkaloids and tannins. Additionally, the crude methanol extract also contained flavonoids and phenolics, while the dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol fractions contained flavonoids and phenolic compounds, respectively. The antioxidant activity (IC₅₀) values of crude methanol extract, and fractions of n-hexane, DCM, and methanol were 65.52 ppm, 98.11 ppm, 2.89 ppm, and 67.11 ppm, respectively, while ascorbic acid showed an IC₅₀ value of 11.75 ppm. Based on these results, it is concluded that the DCM fraction exhibits stronger antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid.

The Utilization of Two Commercial Indonesian Fertilizers as Microalgal Growth Medium for Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Botryococcus braunii Cultivation

Awang Widyatama — 2024-06-04

In the current trend of the upstream stage of microalgal bioprocessing studies, many works mainly focused on optimizing microalgal cultivation parameters for obtaining a high yield of either biomass or a particular metabolite. Meanwhile, efforts to alternatively provide affordable growth medium are considered still limited to be performed. This study aims to provide an alternative microalgal growth medium from commercial fertilizers and supplements provided by a particular Indonesian company. Our proposed microalgal growth medium was developed by considering the chemical contents of the products with the essential components of an established Guillard f/2 microalgal growth medium. By employing the developed growth medium in Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Botryococcus braunii cultivation, similar growth profiles were shown in both green microalgae with optimum time for biomass harvesting encouraged within two weeks of cultivation. Regarding biomass productivity, 0.19 g and 0.20 of dried biomass were averagely obtained from 1 L cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Botryococcus braunii, respectively. This finding implies that two Indonesian fertilizer products could be utilized as the main ingredient of moderate performance of green microalgal growth medium.

Activated Carbon Adsorbent from Durian Peel to Reduce COD Levels in Science Laboratory Wastewater

Roza Ruspita — 2024-06-06

In this research, the preparation and characterization of durian peel activated carbon with acid and base activators has been carried out, as well as testing its performance in reducing COD levels in Sains Laboratory wastewater. Synthesis of durian peel activated carbon was carried out using the wet impregnation method followed by calcination at a temperature of 700⁰C for 3 hours. Characterization was carried out using FTIR and SEM-EDX. FTIR spectra results show changes in functional groups in activated carbon after activation with absorption at a wave number of 1691 cm^-1 which shows a stretched C=C group. SEM micrograph results show that the pore size of activated carbon increases after activation. The activity test was carried out by comparing the reduction in COD levels in laboratory waste using activated carbon adsorbents activated by HCl and NaOH. COD levels in laboratory liquid waste were 29493 mg/L. An HCl concentration of 0.4 M was the optimum concentration to reduce the COD concentration in laboratory waste by 20.69%. These results show that activated carbon from durian peel could reduce COD levels and can be used as an alternative wastewater treatment in laboratory.

QSAR, ADMET, and Molecular Docking of Pyrazole Carboxamide Derivatives as Potential Antifungals Against the Fungus Rhizoctonia solani

Hafiz Aji Aziz — 2024-06-08

Sheath blight is generally caused by the fungus R. solani. The emergence of this fungus causes losses for farmers due to reduction of grain crops (cerelia) production such as rice. Thus, the use of antifungal compounds containing succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors is an effort to control sheath blight of the fungus R. solani. This research examines a new pyrazole carboxamide derivative designed as a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor. Antifungal activity value prediction was determined using the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) equation and visualization of the interaction of pyrazole carboxamide derivatives with succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors was determined using molecular docking. A total of 29 pyrazole carboxamide derivatives and activities (EC50) were used in this study for QSAR modelling and molecular docking. The structure was optimized using the DFT/B3LYP/LanL2DZ method as an electronic descriptor calculation and QSAR modelling using the Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method. The MLR test shows a valid QSAR equation model with good modelling accuracy and produces an equation logEC50 = 2.3936( 0.9447)[C13] + 9.1367 ( 3.0682)[C10] + 2.2473( 0.6055)[HOMO] - 48.1289( 14.1289)[C4] + 1.3937( 0.9465)[C14] + 28.3750( 6.6731) with R2tr = 0.8911; Q2 = 0.793; F = 28.079; R2val = 0.9908; and RMSE = 0.3450. ADMET analysis using ADMETlab indicated that the new pyrazole carboxamide derivative complies with Lipinski's rules, is moderately carcinogenic, and includes inhibiting the activity of hERG blockers. The new pyrazole carboxamide derivatives that have potential as succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors were determined based on the interaction of the docking results, namely compound A1, A5, and A7 -4.9, -5.1, and -5.3 kcal/mol, respectively.

Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Application in the Adsorption of Indigo Carmine

Brigitta Stacia Maharani — 2024-06-12

This research aims to determine the optimum conditions for the synthesis of CaO nanoparticles using the coprecipitation method, determine the characteristics of the CaO nanoparticles synthesized, and determine the effect of the performance of CaO nanoparticles as an adsorbent for indigo carmine dyes. CaO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using the coprecipitation method at the optimum conditions of 1 M NaOH concentration and formation temperature of 400+200℃ with the highest % yield reaching 74.56%. The successful formation of CaO nanoparticles was proven by the appearance of a 2-theta diffraction peak of 23.12°; 39.2°; 57.9°; and 67.2° which is identical to the lattice structure of CaO with hkl indices (200), (311), (422) and (600) and a crystal size of up to 4.96 nm. SEM images support the formation of CaO nanoparticles with an average particle size of 98.1 nm and a varying size distribution. The IR spectrum of the formation of CaO nanoparticles with the appearance of Ca-O peaks at wavelengths of 3640, 1400, 860, and 791 cm^-1. The adsorption capacity of indigo carmine on CaO nanoparticles was greatest at an adsorbent dose of 10 mg, adsorbate concentration of 100 ppm and a contact time of 50 minutes. The most appropriate adsorption isotherm model and adsorption kinetics model was the Koble-Corrigan model and the pseudo second order model, respectively.

Synthesis of Silver Nanowires Using Solvothermal Method and Its Application as Antimicrobial Agents

Desy Kartina — 2024-06-16

Interesting studies on silver nanowires have been conducted in the disciplines of biotechnology and nanotechnology. They are very useful in antibacterial applications because of their conductive and antimicrobial qualities. When silver nanowires are synthesized using the right techniques, they can form nanoscale structures with more surface area, which improves their contact with bacteria and increases their antibacterial efficacy. The aim of this study was to create silver nanowires with ideal solvothermal characteristics and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity. By used ethylene glycol to reduce silver nitrate in polyvinylpyrrolidine at 160^oC for 2.5 hours, silver nanowires were successfully produced. The products were examined using SEM, XRD, PSA, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The average size of silver nanowires was 123.0 nm and the highest inhibition zone was 2.33 cm. Overall, the synthesis and use of silver nanowires, with a focus on the solvothermal approach, holds great promise for treating bacterial infections and has a favorable influence on the environment and public health.

Evaluation of Scan Rate Influence on Cyclic Voltammograms of Copper Electrodes Coated with PS-CS-GA/ZnO Nanocomposite

Anceu Murniati — 2024-06-17

Copper (Cu) is widely utilized as an electrode material due to its high conductivity and relatively low cost. This study aims to develop nanocomposite-modified Cu electrodes using polysulfone (PS), chitosan (CS), glutaraldehyde (GA), and zinc oxide (ZnO) to form PS-CS-GA/ZnO-NP modified Cu electrodes. The nanocomposite was prepared in the proportions of 48.8% PS, 24.4% CS, 24.4% ZnO, and 2.4% GA using the phase inversion method. The characterization of the PS-CS-GA/ZnO nanocomposite-modified Cu electrode was conducted using cyclic voltammetry with a 0.01 M K₃[Fe(CN)₆] in 0.1 M KCl. The cyclic voltammogram profile was obtained at a scan rate of 25 mV/s, exhibiting an ipa/ipc ratio of 0.93 within a potential of -1.5 to +0.4 V vs Ag/AgCl over 15 cycles. The FTIR spectrum of the PS-CS-GA/ZnO nanocomposite thin film displayed a peak at 1668 cm^-1, indicating the presence of C=N groups, which suggests a cross-linking interaction between CS and GA.

Fabricating Visual Strip Sensor for Iron(II) using Polyacrylamide Coated on Paper Supporting Material

Tetty Kemala — 2024-06-23

This research made a visual strip sensor to measure the levels of iron. This sensor whose made of paper cellulose acetate that has been coated by polyacrylamide and 1,10-penantroline complex inserted. Visual sensor strip testing is done with various concentrations of iron(II) to create a standard series and see the range of concentrations of iron(II) which can be distinguished by the eye. The stability of the color of sensor that have been tested were observed in 4 days. Visual strip sensor can distinguish the range of 5 ppm and slightly increased after the color intensity observed in four days. Measurement of the blood enhancing drug samples with 3 repetitions producing good. The result of visual strip sensor was compared with AAS and obtained 99.42% accuracy.

Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Sleeping Mask Gel Preparation of Mahogany Leaf Extract (Swietenia Mahagoni (L.) Jacq) As Antioxidant

Hestiary Ratih — 2024-08-14

Antioxidants are used to neutralize free radicals. Mahogany leaves (Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq) contain flavonoid chemicals that exhibit antioxidant properties. The purpose of the study was to determine the physical characteristics and antioxidant activity of sleeping mask gel preparations with the addition of mahogany leaf extract. Mahogany leaf extract is made using the maceration process. Determination of antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The formulation is made by varying the concentration of mahogany leaf extract into 4 formulas, F0 (bases, F1 (0.0195%, IC₅₀), F2 (0.0975%, 5xIC₅₀) and F3 (0.195%, 10xIC₅₀). There were several tests used to evaluate formulas, including homogeneity, dispersion, viscosity, pH, and organoleptic (odor, color, and shape) testing. IC₅₀ value of mahogany leaf extract was 19.48 μg / mL. Mahogany leaf extract antioxidant gel sleeping mask preparations F0, F1, F2 and F3 was evaluated such as organoleptic testing requirements, homogeneity and pH produced between 6.15-6.65 including the skin's normal pH range of 4.0-7.0 during 28-day storage. F2 exhibits the best antioxidant stability, with an inhibition value of 54.59%.

A Systematic Review: Chitosan/ Poly (vinyl alcohol) based Hydrogel composites for Drug Delivery Material

Riri Uswatun Annifah — 2024-07-03

This review article aims to systematically describe the synthesis methods, characterization, and performances of CS/PVA based hydrogel composites as drug delivery materials. The literature review was conducted through ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, where the article selection is based on Scopus index in the Q1 and Q2 categories within the past 5 years. The synthesis of CS/PVA hydrogel was performed using various methods, including crosslinking, freeze-thaw, and sol-gel. The synthesis methods of hydrogel composites included crosslinking, freeze-thaw, and sol-gel. Characterization of hydrogel composites was conducted using FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and swelling ratio measurement. CS/PVA-based hydrogel composites as drug delivery materials have been successfully synthesized using crosslinker, freeze-thaw and sol-gel methods. FTIR spectra indicated that drug was successfully loaded into CS/PVA based hydrogel composite matrix, involving the hydrogen bonding as predominant mechanism of interaction between precursors and drug functionalities. The best swelling capacity was obtained in the CS/PVA/Tetracycline based hydrogel composites, up to 949%. The SEM images indicated the homogeneous morphological structure and surface of hydrogel composites. The CS/PVA/Tetracycline based hydrogel composites exhibited the largest cumulative drug release of 99.44%. The drugs loaded CS/PVA hydrogel composites are promising as a drug delivery material.

A Review: Synthesis, Recent Application and Future Challenge of SiO2 Nanoparticles in Membrane Technology

Silvia Widiyanti — 2024-08-12

Membrane processes are well-established methods in real water treatment, renowned for their compact size, exceptional treatment effectiveness, and substantial water permeation capacity. The emergence of nanomaterials has ushered in thrilling prospects and progress in the membrane technology. Silica nanoparticles (NPs SiO₂), a high-purity amorphous silica powder, is a white fluffy material characterized by its small particle size, and it brings numerous benefits due to its distinctive attributes. With a large specific surface area, strong surface adsorption, considerable surface energy, high chemical purity, and excellent dispersion, it holds significant value in diverse areas like medicine, physics, chemistry, and biology. NPs-SiO₂ can be categorized into hydrophilic and hydrophobic types, which offers difference application in the membrane technology. In this review, NPs-SiO₂ contained membranes are specifically discussed. The main goal is to provide critical analysis on recent application of SiO₂ in membrane technology. Apart from the introduction and conclusion, this review has three consecutive parts including The synthesis methods of NPs-SiO₂ contained membrane including size of the NPs-SiO₂ that is mostly used in membranes, the application of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic NPs-SiO₂ in the membrane technology, and the future challenge of NPs-SiO₂ used in membrane technology.